Thyroid
Thyroid nodules are lumps that form within the thyroid gland, a small organ located at the base of the neck. While most thyroid nodules are benign and cause no symptoms, some can affect thyroid hormone levels, cause swelling, or indicate thyroid cancer. Early evaluation is key to proper management and preventing complications.
What Are Thyroid Nodules?
Thyroid nodules are solid or fluid-filled lumps that develop in the thyroid gland. Most nodules are harmless and often go unnoticed until discovered during a routine exam. Some may grow large enough to be visible or interfere with breathing and swallowing. Treatment depends on the type and function of the nodule.
Symptoms of Thyroid Nodules
Most nodules do not cause symptoms. When they do, common signs include:
– Visible or palpable swelling at the base of the neck
– Difficulty swallowing or breathing due to pressure on the windpipe or esophagus
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism if the nodule produces excess hormones, such as:
– Unexplained weight loss
– Tremors
– Rapid or irregular heartbeat
– Nervousness or anxiety
Some nodules may be cancerous, though aggressive thyroid cancers are rare.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical evaluation if you notice:
– Unusual neck swelling or lumps
– Trouble swallowing or breathing
– Signs of hyperthyroidism (e.g., sudden weight loss, heart palpitations, muscle weakness, nervousness)
Early evaluation is important to rule out cancer and manage hormone imbalances.
Causes
Iodine deficiency:
Rare in the U.S., may lead to nodule formation.
Overgrowth of thyroid tissue (adenoma):
Benign growth that may occasionally produce excess thyroid hormone.
Thyroid cysts:
Fluid-filled cavities, often benign but may contain malignant tissue.
Chronic thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis):
Conditions like Hashimoto’s can cause nodular enlargement and reduced thyroid function.
Multinodular goiter:
Enlargement of the thyroid with multiple nodules.
Thyroid cancer:
Rare, but risk factors include family history, age (<30 or >60), male gender, and radiation exposure.
Complications
Although most thyroid nodules are harmless, complications can occur:
Swallowing or breathing difficulties:
Large nodules or multinodular goiters may interfere with normal function.
Hyperthyroidism:
Excess hormone production can cause weight loss, muscle weakness, heat intolerance, anxiety, irregular heartbeat, or osteoporosis. Severe cases may trigger a thyrotoxic crisis.
Thyroid cancer:
Cancerous nodules often require surgical removal, followed by lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
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