Parathyroid
Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much hormone, disrupting calcium and phosphorus balance. These small neck glands control calcium, vital for bones, nerves, and muscles. The condition can be primary or secondary, each with different causes and treatments. Early diagnosis helps prevent complications like weak bones, kidney stones, and heart problems.
What Are the Parathyroid Glands?
The parathyroid glands are four small, rice-sized glands in your neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, bones, and other tissues. Proper calcium balance supports healthy bones, teeth, nerves, and muscles. When the parathyroid glands produce too much hormone, calcium levels in the blood rise, causing hypercalcemia, which can damage organs and tissues over time.
Types of Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more parathyroid glands become overactive due to:
Adenoma: A benign growth on a gland (most common)
Hyperplasia: Enlargement of multiple glands
Parathyroid cancer: Rare
Primary hyperparathyroidism may develop randomly, but certain inherited gene mutations can increase risk. Surgery is the most common treatment.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism happens when another condition causes low calcium levels, prompting the parathyroid glands to overwork. Causes include:
Severe calcium deficiency – often due to poor absorption from the diet
Vitamin D deficiency – reduces calcium absorption
Chronic kidney failure – kidneys cannot activate vitamin D properly
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk for hyperparathyroidism if you:
– Are a postmenopausal woman
– Have a history of prolonged calcium or vitamin D deficiency
– Have certain inherited disorders, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
– Have undergone neck radiation therapy
– Take lithium medication for bipolar disorder
Symptoms
Many cases of hyperparathyroidism are detected before symptoms appear. When present, symptoms may include:
– Fragile bones and fractures (osteoporosis)
– Kidney stones
– Excessive urination
– Abdominal pain
– Fatigue or weakness
– Depression or memory issues
– Bone and joint pain
– Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
If you notice any of these signs, consult your doctor promptly.
Causes
Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much hormone. Normally, calcium levels in the blood are carefully regulated:
Low calcium: PTH increases, releasing calcium from bones and boosting absorption from the gut
High calcium: PTH decreases to restore balance
Disruptions in this system, due to gland abnormalities or other diseases, result in abnormal calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, which can affect bones, kidneys, and other organs.
Complications
Untreated hyperparathyroidism can cause serious long-term complications:
Osteoporosis: Weak, brittle bones prone to fractures
Kidney stones: Excess calcium in urine forms painful deposits
Cardiovascular disease: High calcium levels may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease
Neonatal hypoparathyroidism: Untreated hyperparathyroidism in pregnant women can cause low calcium in newborns
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels, along with imaging or other evaluations to locate overactive glands.
Treatment options include:
Surgery – most common for primary hyperparathyroidism
Medications – may manage calcium levels in secondary hyperparathyroidism
Lifestyle adjustments and monitoring – for mild cases or ongoing management
Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious complications and improve quality of life.
